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The belief-knowledge gap hypothesis expands the much-researched knowledge gap hypothesis that was proposed by researchers 〔P. J. Tichenor, G. A. Donohue, and C. N. Olien (1970)〕 to explain a lack of influence the media have toward significantly increasing knowledge of members of the public. The original knowledge gap hypothesis proposed that these media effects create knowledge gaps with members of higher social economic status (SES) having the ability for increased knowledge acquisition as compared to lower economic status groups. More than 230 studies ensued and several analyses indicate support.〔see Gaziano, 1983/1995/1996/2010; Hwang & Jeong, 2010〕 More recently researchers have proposed that other factors may also be influential, namely that ideology may be a more valid predictor of knowledge disparities than SES or education. This shift resulted in the proposal of the belief-knowledge gap hypothesis as discussed by (Cecilie Gaziano ) in 1999. This emerging theory also saw influences from work by D. B. Hindman (2009) regarding belief gap hypothesis. Ensuing studies and the belief-knowledge gap framework model are discussed below. == Historical considerations == To understand the belief-knowledge theory and how it was created, a review of the premise of which its parent theory knowledge gap theory is needed. Researchers proposed the following as the premise of the original theory: “As the infusion of mass media information into a social system increases, segments of the population with higher socioeconomic status () tend to acquire this information at a faster rate than the lower status segments, so that the gap in knowledge between these segments tends to increase rather than decrease.”〔(Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, often cited as the Minnesota Team, 1970, pp. 159-160〕 The belief-knowledge gap theory builds from the assumption that mass media influence knowledge acquisition but differs in definitions of belief and knowledge and the resulting ways to answer the question of who asserts control over the “definition, creation, and dissemination or suppression of knowledge.”〔Gaziano, 2013, p. 117〕 The belief-knowledge gap theory proposes that political ideology is a more apt predictor of how much-debated public issues, especially ones politically driven, influence knowledge gaps. It states, “As the infusion of mass media information into the system increases over time, the relationship between political ideology and politically disputed beliefs tends to strengthen.”〔Hindman, 2009, p. 794〕 This perspective also includes the premise that all knowledge is socially constructed, even those often termed “factual” or scientifically rooted. Early on, researchers〔Gaziano and Gaziano, 1999〕 discussed this viewpoint that would later form the basis of the belief-knowledge gap framework model, discussing this critical assumption that all knowledge is a form of belief. Thus, the following became a defining foundation: Because knowledge is socially constructed, knowledge can be considered a belief and beliefs therefore can be considered knowledge. This perspective explains why differing groups can possess the same information but comprehend or believe the knowledge in various ways. Another assumption of belief-knowledge gap theory that differs from knowledge gap theory, which perceives human action as individual choice and thus not controlled by other’s use of power and influence, is that certain groups do have more power than other groups to propose what is considered knowledge, thus, influence what public issues are highlighted to be perceived as important public issues worthy of consideration. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Belief-knowledge gap hypothesis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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